$B6u4V6K:BI8(B

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• $B86E@$+$i$N5wN%$r(B $r$
• $z$ $B<4$N@5J}8~$H$J$93Q$r(B $\theta$ ( $0\le \theta \le \pi$)
• $P$ $B$r(B $x y$ $BJ?LL$K@5 $B$H$7$F!"(B $BF07B(B $\overrightarrow{OP'}$ $B$r(B $x$ $B<4$N@5$NItJ,$+$i(B $BH?;~7W2s$j$KB,$C$?3Q$r(B $\phi$ ( $0\le\phi<2\pi$)

$B$H$9$k$H(B

$$\left\{ \begin{array}{lcl}% x & = & r \sin\theta\cos\phi \\ y & = & r \sin\theta\sin\phi \\ z & = & r \cos\theta \end{array}\right.$$

$B$,@.$jN)$D!#$3$N$H$-!"(B $r$, $\theta$, $\phi$ $B$r(B $\mathrm{P}$ $B$N(B$B6u4V6K:BI8(B (3$B $B$"$k$$$O(B$B5e(B ($BLL(B) $B:BI8(B, spherical coordinate) $B$H8F$V!#(B

$B?^(B 1: $B5e:BI8$N(B $\theta$, $\phi$

$\theta$ $B$H(B $\phi$ $B$NB,$jJ}$N0c$$$KCm0U(B

e$N6K:BI8$N<0$K$O!"?'!9$J%P%j%(!<(B... ...$BrM}2r$7$F!"<+J,$GF3=P$,=PMh$k$h$&$KN}=,$7$F$*$/$N$,K>$^$7$$!# (B\qed \end{jremark}">